Triadimefon Promoted Plasmid-mediated Conjugative Transfer of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Genes within Bacterial Genus

The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been a worldwide threat to the public health, especially via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Conjugation is one major pathways HGT. Triadimefon (TF) broad-spectrum antifungal compound used control rust and powdery mildew on crops. Nevertheless, it not known whether TF could affect conjugation ARGs potential molecular mechanisms. Here, effects conjugative RP4 plasmid within Escherichia coli were systematically investigated. results demonstrated that increased transconjugant number by 1.41–2.21 folds frequency 1.49–2.22 at concentrations 0.1–10 mg/L. There was no obvious change in donor recipient strains mating system intra-genus with TF. main mechanisms include increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species membrane permeability. Our findings highlight promotion effect ARG conjugation, providing evidence risk non-antibiotic agrochemical use dissemination.